You push a one line fix and wait twelve minutes for CI to tell you it passed. Multiply that by every push, every developer, every day, and the pipeline is quietly the slowest part of your team. The frustrating part is that most of those twelve minutes are not spent testing your change. They are spent downloading the same packages, rebuilding the same Docker layers, and compiling the same code that the last run already handled.
Hosted CI runners start from a clean machine every time. Nothing from the previous run survives unless you explicitly save it and restore it. Caching is how you stop paying full price on every push, and done carefully it is the single biggest speedup most pipelines can get without changing a line of application code.
Measure before you cache anything
Before adding a single cache, open a recent run and write down how long each step takes. It is tempting to guess, and the guess is usually wrong. A typical Node service with a Docker image might look like this:
checkout 0m 06s
setup node 0m 12s
npm ci 3m 48s
lint 0m 41s
test 3m 55s
docker build 3m 22s
total 12m 04s
Three steps account for almost the whole run: installing dependencies, running tests, and building the image. Every one of them redoes work from scratch. That list tells you where to spend your effort, and it gives you a baseline so you can prove each change actually helped.
Cache dependencies keyed on the lockfile
The install step is the easiest win. Your dependencies only change when your lockfile changes, so the lockfile hash makes a perfect cache key. In GitHub Actions:
- uses: actions/cache@v4
with:
path: ~/.npm
key: npm-${{ runner.os }}-${{ hashFiles('package-lock.json') }}
restore-keys: |
npm-${{ runner.os }}-
- run: npm ci
Two details in there matter more than they look.
Cache the download folder, not node_modules. ~/.npm holds the package tarballs npm already fetched. npm ci still deletes node_modules and does a clean, correct install, it just pulls from the local cache instead of the registry. Caching node_modules directly skips that clean install, which means you can restore packages built for a different Node version or a different OS and not find out until something breaks at runtime.
restore-keys gives you a partial hit. When someone adds one package, the lockfile hash changes and the exact key misses. Without a fallback you are back to a full download. With restore-keys, the pipeline restores the most recent cache that matches the prefix, so npm only fetches the handful of packages that are actually new.
If you use actions/setup-node, you can get the same behavior with one line, cache: npm, which caches the right folder and keys it on your lockfile for you. The same pattern works everywhere: ~/.cache/pip keyed on requirements.txt, ~/go/pkg/mod keyed on go.sum, ~/.m2/repository keyed on pom.xml.
In the example above, this took npm ci from 3m 48s to about 20 seconds on an exact hit.
Cache Docker layers between runs
On your laptop, Docker reuses layers from the last build automatically. On a fresh CI runner there is no last build, so every layer gets rebuilt, including the expensive dependency install inside the image. Docker's layer cache needs somewhere to live between runs, and BuildKit can export it to the GitHub Actions cache backend:
- uses: docker/setup-buildx-action@v3
- uses: docker/build-push-action@v6
with:
context: .
push: false
tags: myapp:ci
cache-from: type=gha
cache-to: type=gha,mode=max
mode=max stores cache for every layer, including intermediate stages in a multi stage build, not just the layers that end up in the final image. That is usually what you want, since the dependency install stage is exactly the layer you are trying to reuse.
This only pays off if your Dockerfile is ordered so that expensive, rarely changing steps come first. Copy the lockfile, install dependencies, then copy the rest of the source. If you copy the whole project before installing, every code change invalidates the install layer and the cache never hits. In our example, a well ordered Dockerfile plus layer caching took the image build from 3m 22s to around 40 seconds.
Stop running everything on every push
Caching makes each step faster. The next win is not running steps that have nothing to do.
Split slow test suites across parallel jobs. Test runners like Jest support sharding natively, so a matrix can run one third of the suite on each of three runners at the same time:
strategy:
matrix:
shard: [1, 2, 3]
steps:
- run: npx jest --shard=${{ matrix.shard }}/3
The wall clock time drops to roughly the slowest shard instead of the whole suite. You pay for more runner minutes in total, but the developer waiting on the result gets an answer much sooner, which is the number that actually matters day to day.
Cancel runs that are already outdated. If you push three commits in a row, the first two runs are wasted work. A concurrency group cancels them automatically:
concurrency:
group: ci-${{ github.ref }}
cancel-in-progress: true
Skip pipelines that do not apply. A docs change does not need a Docker build. Path filters on the workflow trigger keep irrelevant changes from starting the heavy jobs at all.
Where caching goes wrong
Caching is a trade. You trade correctness risk for speed, and a few habits keep that trade safe.
Keys that are too broad serve stale results. A key like npm-cache with no lockfile hash never changes, so the pipeline keeps restoring an old cache forever. Always include the hash of whatever file actually defines the contents.
Huge caches can be slower than no cache. Restoring a cache means downloading and extracting it. A multi gigabyte cache full of old build artifacts can take longer to restore than a fresh install. GitHub also limits each repository's cache storage and evicts entries that have not been used in seven days, so bloated caches push out the useful ones. Keep cache paths narrow and specific.
Never cache anything that holds a secret. A .npmrc with an auth token or a config file with credentials does not belong in a cache path. Caches can be restored by other branches and workflows, and a secret stored there is a secret you no longer fully control.
Rebuild from scratch on a schedule. A nightly or weekly run with caching disabled catches the problems a warm cache can hide, like a dependency that only installs because an old version was still sitting in the cache.
The result
Putting it together on the example pipeline:
checkout 0m 06s
setup node (cached) 0m 05s
npm ci (cache hit) 0m 20s
lint 0m 41s
test (3 shards) 1m 18s
docker build (gha cache) 0m 40s
total 3m 10s
Nothing about the application changed. The pipeline just stopped redoing work it had already done.
Takeaway
A slow pipeline is almost always a pipeline that forgets everything between runs. Measure where the time goes, cache dependencies keyed on the lockfile, give Docker somewhere to keep its layers, and stop running jobs that have nothing to do. Then keep your cache keys honest, because a fast pipeline that serves stale results is worse than a slow one.
