Hoi hoi! 👋

I'm @nyaomaru, a frontend engineer exploring new possibilities with Jev 😸 (I'm also curious about "Decisions API" from OpenAI)

Recently, I was looking into the TypeScript Compiler API and asking a pretty specific question

Can reusable type guards preserve not only the AST node type, but also a narrowed child property?

At first, I thought this might be a Compiler API-specific problem.

Then I reproduced the same pattern with plain TypeScript objects.

That changed the way I looked at it.

The interesting problem wasn't really the AST.

It was property refinement.

Let's look at it! 👀

🌲 A Very Common Compiler API Pattern

Suppose we have a broad ts.Node.

import * as ts from "typescript";

declare const node: ts.Node;

We want to know two things:

• Is this a CallExpression?
• Is its expression an Identifier?

Inline, this is easy.

if (ts.isCallExpression(node) && ts.isIdentifier(node.expression)) {
  // node: ts.CallExpression
  // node.expression: ts.Identifier
  node.expression.text;
}

TypeScript understands the control flow perfectly.

Nothing special is needed.

And honestly, if this check appears only once, I would probably leave it exactly like this.

🤔 What If We Want to Reuse That Shape?

Now suppose the same AST shape appears in several places:

• a visitor
• filter
• find
• another transformation
• another lint rule

Then giving the check a name starts to make sense.

Since TypeScript v5.5, simple functions can often infer a type predicate automatically.

But this compound parent-plus-child check is different.

const isCallWithIdentifierExpression = (node: ts.Node) =>
  ts.isCallExpression(node) && ts.isIdentifier(node.expression);
// inferred:
// (node: ts.Node) => boolean

So if we want the extracted predicate to preserve both facts, we have to describe the refined type explicitly.

const isCallWithIdentifierExpression = (
  node: ts.Node,
): node is ts.CallExpression & {
  expression: ts.Identifier;
} => ts.isCallExpression(node) && ts.isIdentifier(node.expression);

This works. Then we can reuse it

declare const nodes: readonly ts.Node[];

const calls = nodes.filter(isCallWithIdentifierExpression);
// calls:
// Array<
//   ts.CallExpression & {
//     expression: ts.Identifier;
//   }
// >

So what's the problem?

There isn't really a runtime problem.

The annoying part is that we had to manually describe this 👇

ts.CallExpression & {
  expression: ts.Identifier;
}

But we already performed those exact runtime checks.

It would be nice if we could compose the checks and let the type follow them. 😸

🧩 Refining the Parent and Child Together

This is where I ended up using refineKey.

With is-kit

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { and, refineKey } from "is-kit";

const isCallWithIdentifierExpression = and(
  ts.isCallExpression,
  refineKey("expression", ts.isIdentifier),
);

That's it.

Now

declare const node: ts.Node;

if (isCallWithIdentifierExpression(node)) {
  // node:
  // ts.CallExpression & {
  //   expression: ts.Identifier;
  // }
  node.expression.text;
}

The interesting part is the relationship between the two checks.

ts.isCallExpression;

narrows the parent.

Then

refineKey("expression", ts.isIdentifier);

within the composed narrowing chain, checks one property on the parent already narrowed by ts.isCallExpression and preserves the checked child type.

So the idea is

Check the child once at runtime, then carry that same fact back to the parent type.

😸 This Turned Out Not to Be an AST Problem

This was the part that surprised me during the research.

I originally thought I was investigating a TypeScript Compiler API gap.

But the same shape appears with ordinary objects too.

Conceptually, the pattern is just

Parent
  ↓
check property
  ↓
Parent & {
  property: RefinedChild
}

The Compiler API is simply a really good stress test for it because AST code contains this pattern everywhere.

For example

CallExpression
  → expression
  → Identifier

or

VariableDeclaration
  → initializer?
  → CallExpression

or

CallExpression
  → arguments[0]
  → StringLiteral

So I don't think of refineKey as a Compiler API helper.

The Compiler API is just an advanced example of a more generic composition problem.

🔗 Compiler API Guards Already Compose Well

Another thing I wanted to avoid was wrapping TypeScript's existing predicates unnecessarily.

The Compiler API already provides excellent guards

ts.isStringLiteral;
ts.isIdentifier;
ts.isCallExpression;
ts.isClassDeclaration;

We should reuse them.

For example

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { or } from "is-kit";

const isStringLike = or(ts.isStringLiteral,　ts.isNoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral);

declare const nodes: readonly ts.Node[];

const strings = nodes.filter(isStringLike);
// strings:
// (
//   | ts.StringLiteral
//   | ts.NoSubstitutionTemplateLiteral
// )[]

There is no reason for is-kit to create its own

isTsStringLiteral();
isTsIdentifier();
isTsCallExpression();

That would just duplicate the Compiler API.

The useful part is composition.

♻️ Reuse the Same Guard in find and Visitors

This becomes more useful when a refined shape appears in several contexts.

For example

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { and, refineKey } from "is-kit";

const isIdentifierNamedJsxAttribute = and(
  ts.isJsxAttribute,
  refineKey("name", ts.isIdentifier),
);

We can use it with find:

declare const attributes: readonly ts.JsxAttributeLike[];

const attribute = attributes.find(isIdentifierNamedJsxAttribute);
// attribute:
// (
//   ts.JsxAttribute & {
//     name: ts.Identifier;
//   }
// ) | undefined

The same guard works in a visitor

function visit(node: ts.Node): void {
  if (isIdentifierNamedJsxAttribute(node)) {
    // node:
    // ts.JsxAttribute & {
    //   name: ts.Identifier;
    // }
    node.name.text;
  }
  ts.forEachChild(node, visit);
}

That's the point where extracting the guard starts earning its keep.

The runtime rule and the TypeScript narrowing travel together.

🫥 Optional Children Are a Different Contract

AST nodes contain lots of optional properties.

For example, a VariableDeclaration may or may not have an initializer.

declaration.initializer;

So this is slightly different from refining a required property.

We don't just want

Refine initializer.

We want

Require initializer to exist, then refine it.

For that case, is-kit has refineDefinedKey.

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { refineDefinedKey } from "is-kit";

const hasCallInitializer = refineDefinedKey("initializer", ts.isCallExpression);

Now

declare const declaration: ts.VariableDeclaration;

if (hasCallInitializer(declaration)) {
  // declaration.initializer: ts.CallExpression
  declaration.initializer.expression;
}

Inside the branch, initializer is both:

• present
• a ts.CallExpression

A missing initializer returns false.

An explicitly undefined initializer also returns false.

I like keeping this separate from refineKey because absence is runtime behavior, not just a TypeScript annotation.

📦 Arrays Have the Same Problem

AST arrays introduce another small issue.

Suppose we want a call whose first argument is a string literal.

This

node.arguments[0];

looks simple, but at runtime the array can be empty.

So we want to prove two things:

• index 0 exists
• the value is a StringLiteral

We can compose that too

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { and, refineIndex, refineKey } from "is-kit";

const isCallWithStringFirstArgument = and(
  ts.isCallExpression,
  refineKey("arguments", refineIndex(0, ts.isStringLiteral)),
);

Then

declare const node: ts.Node;

if (isCallWithStringFirstArgument(node)) {
  // node: ts.CallExpression
  // node.arguments[0]: ts.StringLiteral
  node.arguments[0].text;
}

Now index 0 is known to exist and to be a ts.StringLiteral.

Again, this isn't really an AST-specific idea.

It's just

Refine one checked location and preserve that fact.

🪆 Nested Checks Can Stay Composable

These refinements can also be nested.

Suppose we want a function-like declaration whose:

• body exists
• body is a block
• first statement exists
• first statement is a return statement

We can build the pieces separately.

import * as ts from "typescript";
import { and, refineDefinedKey, refineIndex, refineKey } from "is-kit";

const isBlockStartingWithReturn = and(
  ts.isBlock,
  refineKey("statements", refineIndex(0, ts.isReturnStatement)),
);

const hasBodyStartingWithReturn = refineDefinedKey(
  "body",
  isBlockStartingWithReturn,
);

Then

declare const functionLike: ts.FunctionLikeDeclaration;

if (hasBodyStartingWithReturn(functionLike)) {
  // functionLike.body: ts.Block
  // functionLike.body.statements[0]: ts.ReturnStatement
  functionLike.body.statements[0].expression;
}

Each step proves one thing.

There is no path string like

body.statements[0]

and no special AST DSL.

It's just small guards composed together.

🔒 Why Only One Concrete Key or Index?

There is an important limitation here.

A successful lookup proves one concrete location.

If we check

refineKey("expression", ...)

we proved something about

parent.expression;

We did not prove that every property from some wider key domain passed the same test.

That's why the refinement helpers intentionally work with one concrete key or index.

Broad key unions and similar multi-location claims would make the resulting type much easier to overstate.

I would rather make the API slightly less magical than let one runtime lookup claim more than it actually checked.

🧪 What About TypeScript 7?

This research became especially interesting because TypeScript v7 changed the Compiler API landscape.

The examples in this section were verified against TypeScript v7.0.2.

As of TypeScript v7.0.2, AST types and predicates are exposed through

typescript/unstable/ast

So the same composition style can be used there

import * as ast from "typescript/unstable/ast";
import { and, refineKey } from "is-kit";

const isCallWithIdentifierExpression = and(
  ast.isCallExpression,
  refineKey("expression", ast.isIdentifier),
);

One thing I specifically investigated was whether TypeScript v7 made these isX checks unnecessary through kind narrowing.

For a genuine discriminated union, TypeScript can absolutely narrow from a literal discriminant.

But the broad AST Node currently exposed by the TypeScript v7 AST surface is not that kind of closed discriminated union.

So with a broad AST node, the isX predicates still matter.

For example

import * as ast from "typescript/unstable/ast";

declare const node: ast.Node;

if (node.kind === ast.SyntaxKind.CallExpression) {
  // broad ast.Node does not automatically
  // expose CallExpression properties here
}

This distinction matters.

A custom AST type modeled as a discriminated union can behave differently.

That doesn't mean TypeScript v7's broad Node currently behaves the same way.

Why Not Make Node a Closed Union?

After I posted about this, Jake Bailey gave a wonderfully concise answer:

because it's slow 😞

because it's slow 😞

— Jake Bailey (@jakebailey.dev) 2026-09-30T01:49:50.060Z

That makes the trade-off much easier to understand.

If Node were one closed discriminated union containing every AST node type, kind could potentially give us stronger narrowing and exhaustive checks.

For example, with a closed union, we can use the familiar never pattern

switch (node.kind) {
  // handle every known kind...

  default: {
    const exhaustive: never = node;
  }
}

When a new variant is added, that never check can fail at compile time and tell us that our handling is no longer exhaustive.

But that stronger type-level model is not free.

The cost is type-checking performance, a very large closed union gives the checker more work to do.

So the broad shape of ast.Node is not simply a missing narrowing feature.

There is a real trade-off here

stronger compile-time exhaustiveness vs. type-checking performance

And that also helps explain why explicit predicates like ast.isCallExpression() still have an important role.

There is one more TypeScript 7-specific detail worth keeping in mind.

The unstable part of

typescript/unstable/ast

is also important.

I wouldn't build documentation promises around a still-evolving API surface.

The composition pattern is generic.

The exact TypeScript v7 integration can evolve with TypeScript itself.

✋ You Probably Don't Need This for Every AST Check

This is also important.

If I have one local condition

if (ts.isReturnStatement(node) && node.expression) {
  // node: ts.ReturnStatement
  // node.expression: ts.Expression
  visit(node.expression);
}

I would leave it inline.

Really.

Turning it into

const isReturnWithExpression = ...

just because we can doesn't automatically make the code better.

I think the useful split is

The goal isn't

Replace every ts.isX condition with is-kit.

The goal is

When a runtime fact becomes reusable vocabulary, keep the narrowing reusable too.

🚫 What This Does Not Try to Do

is-kit doesn't try to become a Compiler API framework.

It does not:

• wrap individual Compiler API functions
• validate complete AST node shapes
• control AST traversal
• detect AST cycles
• add a TypeScript runtime dependency
• require TypeScript as a peer dependency
• replace clear one-off inline checks

The Compiler API is simply a demanding real-world example of generic property refinement.

That's the boundary I want to keep.

🎯 The Important Part

I started this research thinking

Maybe the TypeScript Compiler API needs some special handling.

What I found was more general.

The recurring problem was

narrow parent
    ↓
check child
    ↓
preserve both facts
    ↓
reuse the predicate

That's useful for AST nodes, but it isn't really about AST nodes.

So my current mental model is:

• use native type guards for the actual runtime knowledge
• keep one-off conditions inline
• compose a named guard when the same checked shape becomes reusable
• preserve child refinement on the parent instead of rewriting intersection types by hand

For the Compiler API, that can look like

const isCallWithIdentifierExpression = and(
  ts.isCallExpression,
  refineKey("expression", ts.isIdentifier),
);

Small runtime checks.
Small reusable pieces.
And TypeScript keeps the facts we actually checked. 😸

I also wrote a more detailed guide with examples for required children, optional children, array indices, nested AST shapes, and TypeScript 7

Advanced Property Refinement with the TypeScript Compiler API

Advanced Property Refinement with the TypeScript Compiler API | is-kit

Use TypeScript Compiler API guards as an advanced example of reusable property refinement across broad AST node types.

is-kit.dev

And if you want to explore is-kit itself

If it looks useful, a ⭐ on GitHub is always very welcome!

Thanks for reading! 🙌