Android Computer Vision for Robot Navigation

Introduction

Navigation requires a robot to understand its surroundings. Cameras can provide useful visual information such as obstacles, landmarks, people, road boundaries, and navigable regions.

Android devices provide cameras and on-device compute that can be used for robotics prototypes.

Architecture

Android Camera
     |
 CameraX
     |
 Image Processing
     |
 Vision Model
     |
 Navigation Features
     |
 Robot Gateway / ROS 2

The Android device should provide perception data while the robot's navigation stack remains responsible for safe movement.

Camera Pipeline

Use CameraX ImageAnalysis:

imageAnalysis.setAnalyzer(executor) { image ->
    // Convert frame
    // Process image
    // Produce navigation features
    image.close()
}

Never perform expensive image processing on the UI thread.

Navigation Features

Computer vision can produce information such as:

Obstacle detected
Free-space region
Person detected
Lane boundary
Visual landmark

These features can be combined with robot sensors.

Obstacle Detection

A simple perception pipeline is:

Camera
  ↓
Object / Obstacle Detection
  ↓
Bounding Boxes
  ↓
Spatial Reasoning
  ↓
Navigation Layer

A 2D detection alone does not provide reliable distance. For physical navigation, combine vision with depth, stereo cameras, LiDAR, calibration, or other sensors where appropriate.

Visual Odometry

Camera motion can also contribute to localization.

Conceptually:

Frame A
  ↓
Feature Extraction
  ↓
Feature Matching
  ↓
Motion Estimation
  ↓
Frame B

Visual odometry is usually part of a larger localization system and should be fused with other sensors when possible.

Sending Vision Data

The Android application can publish compact perception messages:

{
  "obstacles": [
    {
      "type": "person",
      "confidence": 0.91
    }
  ]
}

A robot-side node can combine this information with LiDAR and odometry.

Performance

For real-time operation:

Reduce unnecessary frame conversions
Process only the latest frame
Use hardware acceleration where supported
Choose an appropriate model size
Measure inference latency
Monitor device temperature

Navigation Safety

Vision should not directly command motors.

Use:

Vision
  ↓
Perception
  ↓
Navigation Planner
  ↓
Safety Controller
  ↓
Motor Controller

The safety controller should enforce speed, collision, and emergency-stop constraints.

Testing

Test perception under:

Different lighting
Motion blur
Shadows
Crowded scenes
Indoor and outdoor environments
Camera orientation changes

Test the complete perception-to-action latency rather than only model inference time.

Conclusion

Android computer vision can provide valuable perception capabilities for robot navigation. When combined with ROS 2, sensor fusion, and a dedicated safety controller, it becomes a useful component in a Physical AI robotics architecture.