Streaming Robot Camera Feeds to Android with WebRTC

Introduction

Remote robot operation often requires a live camera feed. Traditional HTTP streaming can introduce latency, while WebRTC is designed for real-time media communication.

In this tutorial, we will design an Android application that receives a robot camera stream using WebRTC.

Architecture

Robot Camera
     |
 WebRTC Sender
     |
 Signaling Server
     |
 Android WebRTC Client
     |
 Compose UI

The signaling server exchanges connection information; the media path can then be established using WebRTC.

Android Components

A typical implementation contains:

WebRtcClient
SignalingClient
VideoRenderer
RobotCameraViewModel
CameraScreen

Keep WebRTC lifecycle management outside the Compose UI.

Peer Connection

The client creates a peer connection and configures the required ICE servers.

Conceptually:

class WebRtcClient {
    fun connect() {
        // Create peer connection
        // Configure ICE
        // Attach remote video track
    }
}

Use a maintained WebRTC Android library and follow its current API for peer-connection setup.

Signaling

WebRTC requires signaling to exchange session information.

A simplified message flow is:

Android             Robot
   |                   |
   | ---- Offer ------>|
   | <--- Answer ------|
   | <--- ICE -------->|
   | ---- ICE -------->|
   |                   |
   | === Media ========|

The signaling transport can use WebSocket or another real-time messaging mechanism.

Rendering Video

The WebRTC video track should be connected to an Android-compatible video renderer.

Keep the renderer lifecycle synchronized with the Activity or Compose screen lifecycle.

Compose Integration

Compose can host the native video rendering surface using Android interoperability APIs.

The Compose layer should mainly manage:

Connection state
Loading indicator
Error messages
Full-screen mode
Camera selection
Robot selection

Low-Latency Design

For robot teleoperation, latency matters.

Consider:

Hardware-accelerated encoding
Appropriate resolution
Reasonable bitrate
UDP connectivity where possible
Avoiding unnecessary transcoding
Measuring end-to-end latency

Do not optimize for maximum resolution at the expense of control responsiveness.

Connection Recovery

Robot camera connections can fail when the robot moves between networks.

Implement:

Disconnected
    ↓
Reconnect
    ↓
Signaling
    ↓
ICE Negotiation
    ↓
Streaming

Display the current state to the operator.

Security

Use authenticated signaling and encrypted WebRTC transport. Do not expose an unauthenticated robot camera endpoint to the public internet.

Camera + Telemetry

A useful operator screen combines video with telemetry:

+------------------------------+
|                              |
|       Robot Camera           |
|                              |
+------------------------------+
| Battery 82% | Speed 0.8 m/s  |
| Mode: AUTO  | Signal: Good   |
+------------------------------+

Conclusion

WebRTC is a strong technology for low-latency robot video. Combining it with Kotlin, Jetpack Compose, and a secure signaling service creates a foundation for remote robot monitoring and teleoperation.